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Resources
Study references
- Altman R et al. Comparison of two levels of anticoagulant therapy in patients with substitute heart valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991;101:427-431.
- Gage et al. Use of pharmacogenetics and clinical factors to predict the maintenance dose of warfarin. Thrombosis and Haemostasis (2004); 91(1): 87-94.
- Harsh J et al. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Guide to Warfarin Therapy. JACE 2003;9:1633-1852.
- Higashi et al. Association between CYP2C9 genetic variants and anticoagulation-related outcomes during warfarin therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association (2002); 287(13):1690-1698.
- Hull R et al. Different intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of proximal vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1676-1681.
- McWilliam et al. Healthcare savings from personalizing medicine using genetic testing: the case of warfarin. AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies. 2006. Working Paper 06-23.
- Rieder M. A Pharmacogenomic Approach to Understanding the Warfarin Drug Response. Available at http://pga.gs.washington.edu/workshop_2006/7.Rieder-VKORC1-CaseStudy-2006.ppt.
- Sanderson et al. CYP2C9 gene variants, drug dose, and bleeding risk in warfarin-treated patients: a HuGEnet™ systematic review and meta-analysis. Genetics in Medicine (2005);7:97-104.
- Sconce et al. The impact of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic polymorphism and patient characteristics upon warfarin dose requirements: proposal for a new dosing regimen. Blood (2005);106;2329-2333.
- Turpie AGG et al. Randomized comparison of two intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy after tissue heart valve replacement. Lancet 1988;1:1242-1245.
- Veeger et al. Individual time within target range in patients treated with vitamin K antagonists: main determinant of anticoagulation and predictor of clinical outcome. A retrospective study of 2300 consecutive patients with venous thrombembolism. British Journal of Haematology (2005); 128:5130519.
- Zhu et al. Estimation of Warfarin Maintenance Dose Based on VKORC1 (-1639 G>A) and CYP2C9 Genotypes. Clinical Chemistry (2007); 53(7):1199-1205
FDA Information
| August 2007 |
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved updated prescribing information for warfarin to include information on the use of genetic testing (CYP2C9 and VKORC1) to optimize dosing for the management of blood clots and bleeding. Click here for press release and new label. |
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| November 2005 |
Summary Minutes of The Clinical Pharmacology Subcommittee of the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Advisory Committee for Pharmaceutical Sciences. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/05/minutes/2005-4194M1.pdf |
Links
American Heart Association
www.americanheart.org
American Medical Association Personalized Health Care Report
www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/464/warfarin_brochure.pdf
Anticoagulation Forum
www.acforum.org
National Society of Genetic Counselors
www.nsgc.org
National Stroke Association
www.stroke.org
Warfarin Dosing Calculator
www.warfarindosing.org
1-877-2-PGXHEALTH (877-274-9432)
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